Download and Install Turbo C in Windows PC

Download and Install Turbo C in Windows PC

To download Turbo C click below link

https://www.developerinsider.in/download-turbo-c-for-windows-7-8-8-1-and-windows-10-32-64-bit-full-screen/

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MCA V-SEM Material

Cloud computing Material
Object oriented Analysis and Design (OOAD)
Data Warehouse and Mining
Distributed databases
Internet of Things

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Data structures study material

Data structures study material:

Click here to download the material

Steps to open the zip file :

1. Extract your zip file first
2. open index.html file in the data-structure folder

Unit I
Basic concepts-Data types, Abstact Data Types, Data structures, Algorithms, Performance analysis- time complexity and space complexity, Asymptotic Analysis-Big O, Omega and Theta notations, Basic concepts of STL(Standard Template Library)-Containers, Iterators, algorithms.
Introduction to Linear and Non Linear data structures ,Linear data structures- Linear Lists, Sequential and Linked allocation , The list ADT, array and linked Implementations, Singly Linked Lists-Operations-Insertion, Deletion, Doubly Linked Lists- Operations- Insertion, Deletion, Circularly linked lists.
Representation of single, two dimensional arrays, Sparse matrices and their representation.
Unit II
Stack ADT, definition, operations, array and linked implementations, applications-infix to postfix conversion, Postfix expression evaluation, recursion implementation, Queue ADT, definitions and operations ,array and linked Implementations, Circular queues, Insertion and deletion operations, Deque(Double ended queue)ADT, array and linked implementations.
Unit III
Non Linear data structures- Trees – Basic Terminology, Binary tree ADT, array and linked representations, traversals, threaded binary trees, Priority Queue ADT-implementation, Heaps.
Graphs – Introduction, Basic Terminology, Graph Representations- Adjacency matrix, Adjacency lists, Graph traversals- DFS and BFS
Unit IV
Searching- Linear Search, Binary Search, Hashing-Introduction, hash tables, hash functions, collision resolution methods, Comparison of Searching methods.
Sorting- Bubble Sort, Insertion Sort, Selection Sort, Radix Sort, Quick sort, Merge sort, Heap Sort Comparison of Sorting methods.
Unit V
Search Trees-Binary Search Trees, Definition, ADT, Implementation, Operations-
(w.e.f 2015-16)
Searching, Insertion and Deletion, AVL Trees(Definition and Example only),B-Trees, Definition, B-Tree of order m, operations- Insertion and Searching, Introduction to Red-Black and Splay Trees(Elementary treatment-only Definitions and Examples), Comparison of Search Trees.
Pattern matching algorithm- The Knuth-Morris-Pratt algorithm, Text Compression-Huffman coding algorithm, Tries (examples only).
TEXT BOOKS :
1. Data structures and algorithms in C++, 3rd Edition, Adam Drozdek, Cengage Learning.
2. Data structures and Algorithm Analysis in C++, Mark Allen Weiss,3rd edition, Pearson
Education. Ltd.
3. Data structures, Algorithms and Applications in C++,S.Sahani, Universities Press.
REFERENCE BOOKS :
1. Data structures and Algorithms in C++, Michael T.Goodrich, R.Tamassia and D.Mount, Wiley student edition,seventh edition, John Wiley and Sons.
2. ADTs,Data structures and Problem Solving with C++,2nd edition,L.Nyhoff,Pearson(Prentice Hall).
3. Data Structures using C++, D.S. Malik, Cengage Learning, India Edition.
4. Data structures with C++ Using STL, 2nd edition,W.H.Ford and W.R.Topp, Pearson (Prentice Hall).
5. Data Structures using C++,V.H.Patil, Oxford University Press.
6. Data structures using C and C++, Langsam, Augenstein and Tanenbaum, PHI.
7. Advanced Data structures & Algorithms in C++,V.V.Muniswamy,Jaico Publishing House
8. C++ Plus Data Structures,4th edition,Nell Dale,Jones and Bartlett India Pvt. Ltd.

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how to change oracle port:8080 to 9090

By default Apache tomcat server runs on the port 8080.
Oracle server also runs on the same port 8080.
It is impossible to  run both the servers on the same port 8080 and it leads to the port conflicts error.
To avoid such port conflicts we should change any one of port from 8080 to 9090 or 8181.

Steps to change oracle port 8080 to 9090

SQL>conn system/tiger
SQL> -- set http port
SQL> begin
 2    dbms_xdb.sethttpport('9090');
 3  end;
 4  /
Sql>set serveroutput on

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Formal Languages and Automata Theory pdf

Formal Languages and Automata Theory pdf:

Click here to download the above pdf book

UNIT I

Preliminaries: Sets, Relations and functions, Methods of proof, Graphs, Languages: Basic Concepts.
Grammars: Definitions and classifications of grammar, Ambiguity, Simplification of CFGs, Normal forms.

UNIT II
Finite State Automata: DFSA, NFSA, Regular Expressions
Finite State Automata: Characterization, Properties and decidability: FSA Regular Grammars, Pumping lemma for regular sets, Closure Properties, Decidability theorems.
Finite State Automata with Output and Minimization: Myhill-Nerode theorem, Finite Automata with output.

UNIT III
Pushdown Automata: The Pushdown Automation, Equivalence between acceptance by empty store and acceptance by Final State, Equivalence of CFG and PDA.
CFG-Properties and Parsing: Pumping Lemma for CFL, Closure Properties for CFL, and Decidability results for CFL.

UNIT IV
Turing Machines: Turing Machine as a acceptor, Turing Machine as a computing device, Techniques for Turing Machine Construction.
Variations of Turing Machine: Generalized Versions, Restricted Turing Machines, Turing Machines as Enumerated, Equivalence between Turing Machines and Type Zero Languages.

UNIT V
Computability Theory: Chomsky hierarchy of languages, linear bounded automata and context sensitive language, LR(0) grammar, decidability of problems, Universal Turing Machine, un decidability of posts. Correspondence problem, Turing reducibility, Definition of P and NP problems, NP complete and NP hard problems.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. “Introduction to Formal Languages, Automata Theory and Computation”, Kamala
Krithivasan, Rama R, PEARSON.
2. “Introduction to Automata Theory Languages and Computation”. Hopcroft H.E. and

Ullman J. D. Pearson Education

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Principles of Programming Languages pdf

Principles of Programming Languages pdf

click here to download the above pdf book

UNIT I

Preliminary Concepts: Reasons for studying, concepts of programming languages, Programming domains, Language Evaluation Criteria, influences on Language design, Language categories, Programming Paradigms – Imperative, Object Oriented, functional Programming , Logic Programming. Programming Language Implementation – Compilation and Virtual Machines, programming environments.

UNIT II

Syntax and Semantics: general Problem of describing Syntax and Semantics, formal methods of describing syntax - BNF, EBNF for common programming languages features, parse trees, ambiguous grammars, attribute grammars, denotational semantics and axiomatic semantics for common programming language features.

Data types: Introduction, primitive, character, user defined, array, associative, record, union, pointer and reference types, design and implementation uses related to these types. Names, Variable, concept of binding, type checking, strong typing, type compatibility, named constants, variable initialization.

UNIT III

Expressions and Statements: Arithmetic relational and Boolean expressions, Short circuit evaluation mixed mode assignment, Assignment Statements, Control Structures – Statement Level, Compound Statements, Selection, Iteration, Unconditional Statements, guarded commands.

Subprograms and Blocks: Fundamentals of sub-programs, Scope and lifetime of variable, static and dynamic scope, Design issues of subprograms and operations, local referencing environments, parameter passing methods, overloaded sub-programs, generic sub-programs, parameters that are sub-program names, design issues for functions user defined overloaded operators, co routines.

UNIT IV

Abstract Data types: Abstractions and encapsulation, introductions to data abstraction, design issues, language examples, C++ parameterized ADT, object oriented programming in small talk, C++, Java, C#, Ada 95

Concurrency: Subprogram level concurrency, semaphores, monitors, massage passing, Java threads, C# threads.

Exception handling: Exceptions, exception Propagation, Exception handler in Ada, C++ and Java.

UNIT V

Logic Programming Language : Introduction and overview of logic programming, basic elements of prolog, application of logic programming.

Functional Programming Languages: Introduction, fundamentals of FPL, LISP, ML, Haskell, application of Functional Programming Languages and comparison of functional and imperative Languages.

Scripting Language: Pragmatics, Key Concepts, Case Study : Python – Values and Types, Variables , Storage and Control, Bindings and Scope, Procedural Abstraction, Data Abstraction, Separate Compilation, Module Library.

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Concepts of Programming Languages Robert .W. Sebesta 8/e, Pearson Education, 2008.

2. Programming Languages, K. C.Louden, 2nd Edition, Cengage Learning, 2003.

3. Programming Language Design Concepts, D. A. Watt, Wiley dreamtech, rp-2007.

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software testing and methodologies

Software testing and methodologies pdf

click here to download the above pdf book

UNIT-I

Introduction:- Purpose of testing, Dichotomies, model for testing, consequences of bugs,

taxonomy of bugs.

Flow graphs and Path testing:- Basics concepts of path testing, predicates, path predicates and

achievable paths, path sensitizing, path instrumentation, application of path testing.

UNIT-II

Transaction Flow Testing:-transaction flows, transaction flow testing techniques. Dataflow

testing:- Basics of dataflow testing, strategies in dataflow testing, application of dataflow testing.

UNIT-III

Domain Testing:-domains and paths, Nice & ugly domains, domain testing, domains and interfaces

testing, domain and interface testing, domains and testability.

Paths, Path products and Regular expressions:- path products & path expression, reduction

procedure, applications, regular expressions & flow anomaly detection.

UNIT-IV

Logic Based Testing:- overview, decision tables, path expressions, kv charts, specifications.

State, State Graphs and Transition testing:- state graphs, good & bad state graphs, state testing,

Testability tips.

UNIT-V

Graph Matrices and Application:-Motivational overview, matrix of graph, relations, power of a matrix, node reduction algorithm, building tools. ( Student should be given an exposure to a tool like JMeter or Win-runner).

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Software Testing techniques - Baris Beizer, Dreamtech, second edition.

2. Software Testing Tools – Dr.K.V.K.K.Prasad, Dreamtech.

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Web technologies pdf

Web technologies pdf

click here to download the above pdf book

Unit V_wt_ pdf

Unit I_II_ III_ wt_pdf

Unit IV wt pdf

Unit I:

HTML:Common tags- List, Tables, Images, Forms, Frames and IFrames, Cascading Style Sheets; Introduction to Java Scripts, Dynamic HTML with Java Script.

XML:Defining XML tags, their attributes and values, Document Type Definition, XML Schemas, Document Object Model, DOM and SAX Parsers, XHTML

Unit II:

Introduction to PHP: Declaring variables, data types, arrays, strings, operators, expressions, control structures, functions

Reading data from web form controls like text boxes, radio buttons, lists etc., Handling File Uploads

Connecting to database (MySQL as reference), executing simple queries, handling results

Handling sessions and cookies

Unit III:

Object Oriented Programming with PHP: Creating classes and objects, public, private and protected access, constructor and destructor, Inheritance, Overriding and overloading methods, calling base class methods, static members, interfaces, abstract classes

File Handling: File operations like opening, closing, reading, writing, appending, deleting etc. on text and binary files, listing directories

XML Processing: creating an XML file, using simple XML functions, extracting elements and attributes, modifying XML elements and attributes, adding and deleting elements and attributes, parsing XML file with parser functions Simple Ajax implementation with PHP

Unit IV:

Introduction to Servlets: Lifecycle of a Servlet, The Servlet API, The javax.servlet Package, Reading Servlet parameters, Reading Initialization parameters, Handling Http Request & Responses, Using Cookies and Sessions.

Introduction to JSP: The Anatomy of a JSP Page, JSP Processing, Declarations, Directives, Expressions, Code Snippets, implicit objects, Using Beans in JSP Pages

Using Cookies-Session Tracking, Security Issues

Database Access: Using JDBC to access Database from JSPs and Servlets

Unit V:

Introduction to MVC architecture, Anatomy of a simple struts application, struts-config.xml file, Presentation layer with JSP, Struts Controller class, JSP bean, html and logic tag libraries, ActionForms, DynaActionForm, Actions, Forwarding, Error Handling, Database Connection Pooling, validation frame work and examples for simple data types, Internationalization

TEXT BOOKS:

1. Web Programming, building internet applications, Chris Bates 2nd edition,

WILEY Dreamtech (UNIT 1)

2. The Complete Reference PHP – Steven Holzner, Tata McGraw-Hill (Unit 2,3)

3. Java Server Pages –Hans Bergsten, SPD O’Reilly (UNITs 3,4,5)

4. The World of Scripting Languages , David Barron,Wiley Publications.

5. Professional Jakarta Struts - James Goodwill, Richard Hightower, Wrox Publishers.

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Linux programming pdf

Linux programming pdf

  click here to download the above pdf book


UNIT I
Linux Utilities-File handling utilities, Security by file permissions, Process utilities, Disk utilities, Networking commands, Filters, Text processing utilities and Backup utilities.
Sed-Scripts,Operation,Addresses,Commands,Applications, awk-Execution,Fields and Records,
Scripts,Operation,Patterns,Actions,Associative Arrays,String and Mathematical functions,System commands in awk,Applications..
Shell programming with Bourne again shell(bash)- Introduction, shell responsibilities, pipes and Redirection, here documents, running a shell script, the shell as a programming language, shell meta characters, file name substitution, shell variables, command substitution, shell commands, the environment, quoting, test command, control structures, arithmetic in shell, shell script examples, interrupt processing, functions, debugging shell scripts.
Review of C programming concepts-arrays, strings (library functions),pointers,function pointers,structures,unions,libraries in C.

UNIT II
Files and Directories- File Concept, File types, File System Structure,file metadata-Inodes, kernel support for files, system calls for file I/O operations- open, creat, read, write, close, lseek, dup2,file status information-stat family, file and record locking-lockf and fcntl functions,file permissions - chmod, fchmod,file ownership-chown,lchown,fchown, links-soft links and hard links – symlink, link, unlink.
Directories-Creating,removing and changing Directories-mkdir, rmdir, chdir, obtaining current working directory-getcwd, Directory contents,Scanning Directories-opendir, readdir, closedir,rewinddir, seekdir, telldir functions.

UNIT III
Process – Process concept, Layout of a C program image in main memory,Process environment-environment list,environment variables,getenv,setenv,Kernel support for process, process identification, process hierarchy,process states, process control - process creation, replacing a process image,waiting for a process, process termination, zombie process,orphan
process, system call interface for process management-fork, vfork, exit, wait, waitpid, exec family, system,I/O redirection,Process Groups,Sessions and Controlling Terminal,Differences between threads and processes.
Signals – Introduction to signals, Signal generation and handling, Kernel support for signals, Signal function, unreliable signals, reliable signals, kill, raise , alarm, pause, abort, sleep functions.

UNIT IV
Interprocess Communication - Introduction to IPC, IPC between processes on a single computer system, IPC between processes on different systems,pipes-creation,IPC between related processes using unnamed pipes, FIFOs-creation,IPC between unrelated processes using FIFOs(Named pipes), differences between unnamed and named pipes,popen and pclose library functions.
Message Queues- Kernel support for messages, APIs for message queues, client/server example.
Semaphores-Kernel support for semaphores, APIs for semaphores, file locking with semaphores.

UNIT V
Shared Memory- Kernel support for shared memory, APIs for shared memory, shared memory example.
Sockets- Introduction to Berkeley Sockets, IPC over a network,Client-Server model,Socket address structures (Unix domain and Internet domain),Socket system calls for connection oriented protocol and connectionless protocol, example-client/server programs-Single Server-Client connection,Multiple simultaneous clients, Comparison of IPC mechanisms.

TEXT BOOKS:
1. Unix System Programming using C++, T.Chan, PHI.
2. Unix Concepts and Applications, 4th Edition, Sumitabha Das, TMH,2006.
3. Beginning Linux Programming, 4th Edition, N.Matthew, R.Stones,Wrox, Wiley India Edition,rp-2008.
4. Unix Network Programming ,W.R.Stevens,PHI.
5. Unix and Shell programming, B.A.Forouzan and R.F.Gilberg, Cengage Learning.

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Distributed systems pdf

Distributed systems pdf book :

click here to download the above pdf book


UNIT I
Characterization of Distributed Systems-Introduction, Examples of Distributed systems,Resource sharing and web, challenges, System models-Introduction, Architectural andFundamental models, Networking and Internetworking, Inter process Communication,Distributed objects and Remote Invocation-Introduction, Communication between distributedobjects, RPC, Events and notifications, Case study-Java RMI.

UNIT II
Operating System Support- Introduction, OS layer, Protection, Processes and Threads, Communication and Invocation, Operating system architecture,

Distributed File Systems-
Introduction, File Service architecture, case study- SUN network file systems.
Name Services-Introduction, Name Services and the Domain Name System, Case study ofthe Global Name Service, Case study of the X.500 Directory Service.

UNIT III
Peer to Peer Systems–Introduction, Napster and its legacy,Peer to Peer middleware, Routing overlays, Overlay case studies-Pastry, Tapestry, Application case studies-Squirrel, Ocean Store.

Time and Global States-Introduction, Clocks, events and Process states, Synchronizing physical clocks, logical time and logical clocks, global states, distributed debugging.Coordination and Agreement-Introduction, Distributed mutual exclusion, Elections,Multicast communication, consensus and related problems.

UNIT IV
Transactions and Concurrency control-Introduction, Transactions, Nested Transactions, Locks, Optimistic concurrency control, Timestamp ordering, Comparison of methods for concurrency control. Distributed Transactions-Introduction, Flat and Nested Distributed Transactions, Atomic commit protocols, Concurrency control in distributed transactions, Distributed deadlocks, Transaction recovery, Replication-Introduction, System model and
group communication, Fault tolerant services, Transactions with replicated data.

UNIT V
Security-Introduction, Overview of Security techniques, Cryptographic algorithms, Digital signatures, Case studies-Kerberos,TLS,802.11 WiFi.(w.e.f 2015-16) Distributed shared memory, Design and Implementation issues, Sequential consistency andIvy case study, Release consistency and Munin case study, Other consistency models,CORBA case study-Introduction, CORBA RMI,CORBA Services.



TEXT BOOKS:

1. Distributed Systems Concepts and Design, G Coulouris, J Dollimore and T Kindberg,
Fourth Edition, Pearson Education.
2. Distributed Systems,S.Ghosh,Chapman&Hall/CRC,Taylor&Francis Group,2010.

               

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Develop static pages (using Only HTML) of an online Book store. The pages should resemble: www.amazon.com

1. Develop static pages (using Only HTML) of an online Book store. The pages should resemble: www.amazon.com The website should consist the following pages.
Home page,
Registration and user Login
User Profile Page,
Books catalog
Shopping Cart,
Payment By credit card
Order Conformation.

Click here to download source and application

Home page

Main.html:
<html>
<head>
<title>
Amazon</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan"> <center>
<strong><h1>Welcome to AMAZON</h1></strong>
<form method="post" action="login.html" target=_blank >
<h4>for books</h4><input type="submit" value="click here">
</form>
</center>
</body>
</html>


Registration and user Login

Login.html:
<html>
<head>
<title>
login</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan"> <center>
<strong><h1> AMAZON </h1></strong></center>
<right>
<table align="right">
<tr>
<td><h4>user name</td>
<td><input type="text" ></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>password</td>
<td><input type="password"></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
<form method="post" action="catalog.html" >
<input type="submit" value="submit" >
</form>
</td>
<td>
<form method="post" action="reg.html" >
<input type="submit" value="register" >
&nbsp;&nbsp;
<input type="reset" value="reset"></form></td>
</tr>
</table>
</body>
</html>

Registration page

reg.html:
<html>
<head>
<title>
login page</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan">
<center><strong><h1> AMAZON </h1></strong></center>
<form method="post" action="catalog.html" >
<right>
<table align="left">
<tr>
<td><h4>user name</td>
<td><input type="text" ></td>
<tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>password</td>
<td><input type="password"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>confirm password</td>
<td><input type="password"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>male &nbsp;&nbsp;
<option >
<input type="radio" name="sex" id="male"></td>
<td><h4>female &nbsp; &nbsp;
<input type="radio" name="sex" id="female" ></td>
</option>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Address</td>
<td><textarea name="address" rows=5 cols=19>
</textarea>
</td>
<tr>
<td>
<input type="submit" value="submit" ></td>
<td>
<input type="reset" value="reset"></td>
</tr>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Userprofile

userprofile.html
<html>
<head>
<title>
userprofile</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan"> <center>
<strong><h1>Welcome to AMAZON Online Book Store </h1></strong></center>
Edit your profile here...
<form method="post" action="catalog.html" >
<right>
<table align="left">
<tr>
<td><h4>Edit user name</td>
<td><input type="text" ></td>
<tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>Edit password</td>
<td><input type="password"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<option >
<td><h4>male &nbsp;&nbsp;
<input type="radio" name="sex" id="male"></td>
<td><h4>female &nbsp; &nbsp;
<input type="radio" name="sex" id="female" ></td>
</option>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>Edit Address</td>
<td><textarea name="address" rows=5 cols=19>
</textarea>
</td>
<tr>
<td>
<input type="submit" value="submit" ></td>
</tr>
</form>
</body>
</html>


Books catalog
Catalog.html:
<html>
<head>
<title>
books catalog</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan">
<center><h1>AMAZON</h1></center>
<form method="post" action="shopping.html">
<left>
<table>
<tr>
<td><b><h3>frontend books</td>
<td></td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>C&Ds</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>Ads</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>JAVA
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><b><h3>backend books</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>Oracle</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>Ms SQL Server
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td><h4>MySql </td>
</tr>
</table>
</h4>
<center>
<b>for buy one of these books
<br>
</b><input type="submit" value="click here">
</center>
</form>
</body>
</html>

Shopping cart

Shopping.html:
<html>
<head><title>shopping cart</title>
</head>
<body bgcolor="cyan">
<center><h1>
Shopping Cart</h1></center>
<br><br><br><br><br>
<table align="center">
<tr>
<td>Text Books</td>
<td>
<select >
<optgroup label="select the book">
<option value="C&Ds">C&Ds
<option value="Ads">Ads
<option value="Java">Java
<option value="Oracle">Oracle
<option value="Ms SQL Server">Ms SQL Server
<option value="MySql">MySql
</optgroup>
</select>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>
Quantity</td>
<td>
<input type="text" id="q">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>
<form method=post action="payment.html">
<input type="submit" value=ok />
</form>
</td></tr>
</table>
<center>
<pre>Cost of one book is"500" + shipping "100"</pre>
</center>
<body>
</html>


Payment by credit card

Payment.html:
<html>
<head><title>payment</title></head>
<body bgcolor="cyan">
<center><h1>Payment By Credit Card</h1></center>
<form method=post action="ordrconform.html">
<br><br><br><br><br>
<table align="center">
<tr>
<td>
<h4>Total Amount</h4></td>
<td><input type="text">
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><h4>Credit Card Number</td>
<td><input type="text"></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>
</td>
<td><input type="submit" value=OK>
</td>
</tr>
</table>
</form></body>
</html>


Order Conformation

Ordrconform:
<html>
<head><title>order conformation</title><M/head>
<body bgcolor="cyan">
<center>
<h1><b>BOOK SHOPPING</h1>
<pre><strong>
<b>Your order Is Conformed
</strong></pre>
<h2><b>THANK YOU</h2>
</center>
</body></html>

output:

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Spoken English Expression part-3

Spoken English Expression part-3

 I didn't mean to

The word 'didn't' is a contraction of the words 'did not'. When using it in a sentence with the words 'mean to' you are informing someone that you did something you regret or are sorry for. This could have been a physical, mental or verbal action.

Here are some examples:

"I didn't mean to hurt your feelings."
"I didn't mean to call you so late."
"I didn't mean to lie about what happened."
"I didn't mean to embarrass you."
"I didn't mean to stay out so late."
"I did not mean to say those things."
"I did not mean to leave you out."
"I did not mean to make you confused."
"I did not mean to think you were involved."
"I did not mean to cause trouble."

T

I don't have time to

The word 'don't' is a contraction of the words 'do not.' When adding 'have times to' you are simply stating that you have other obligations and all other things considered must wait.

Here are some examples:

"I don't have time to explain."
"I don't have time to eat."
"I don't have time to exercise."
"I don't have time to watch my favorite TV show."
"I don't have time to talk."

You can also use the phrase 'I don't' to express things you do not like, things you do not understand, or things you do not do.

Here are some examples:

"I don't eat meat."
"I don't like the rain."
"I don't understand Spanish."
"I do not understand what you are saying."
"I do not like scary movies."
"I do not like sports."

I promise not to

When using the word 'promise' you are giving your word that what you are saying is true. You might also be assuring someone a guarantee that you will follow thru on what you are saying to them.

When using 'promise not to' you are stating you will not do a particular thing.

Here are some examples:

"I promise not to tell."
"I promise not to leave without you."
"I promise not to be so late."
"I promise not to hurt your feelings."
"I promise not to wake you up."

You can also just use the word 'promise' to assure someone of your intentions.

Here are some examples:

"I promise I am telling the truth."
"I promise to practice my math."
"I promise to call you."
"I promise I will tell you."
"I promise I will come to your party."

I would rather

'I'd' is a contraction of the words 'I had' or 'I would.'

When using it with the word 'rather' you are suggesting you would like to do or prefer one thing more than another.

Here are some examples:

"I'd rather talk about this later."
"I'd like to eat at home than go get fast food."
"I'd rather ski than snowboard."
"I'd rather stay late than come in early tomorrow."
"I'd rather handle the problem myself."
"I had rather go home than stay out too late."
"I had rather listen to my parents or get in trouble."
"I would rather exercise than sit on the couch all day."
"I would rather complete my task early."
"I would rather know the answer."

I feel like

Here you are expressing to someone something you would enjoy doing.

Here are some examples:

"I feel like going for a bike ride."
"I feel like going to the beach."
"I feel like having a snack."
"I feel like talking."
"I feel like dancing."
"I feel like having friends over to my house."
"I feel like watching TV."

By adding 'don't' or 'do not' you can change what you are saying to express something you would not enjoy or express a concern about something.

Here are some examples:

"I don't feel like leaving yet."
"I don't feel like explaining."
"I don't feel like going to bed."
"I do not feel comfortable talking about it."
"I do not feel like we are going in the right direction."

I can't

The word 'can't' is contraction for 'cannot.' Combined with 'help' you are communicating something you are unable to control or having a hard time gaining a grasp for. This can be a physical or mental action.

Here are some examples:

"I can't help thinking about it."
"I can't help shopping so much."
"I can't help working all the time."
"I can't help smiling when I see her."
"I can't help eating so much."
"I can't help loving you."
"I can not help biting my nails when I am nervous."
"I can not help smoking when I have been drinking."
"I cannot help feeling so sad."
"I cannot help remembering the things you did."

I was busy

When using the word 'was', you are referring to something in a past tense, or something that happened before. Combining it with the word 'busy' you can express something that was occupying you in a past time.

Here are some examples:

"I was busy thinking."
"I was busy working."
"I was busy cooking dinner."
"I was busy talking on the phone."
"I was busy cleaning the house."
"I was busy studying for my test."
"I was busy thinking of ideas for our website."
"I was busy entertaining our neighbors."
"I was busy completing my housework."
"I was busy learning new things."

By changing 'was' to 'am' you change your message from past tense to present tense and refer to something you are doing 'now.'

Here are some examples:

"I am busy working."
"I am busy cooking dinner."
"I am busy studying for my test."
"I am busy completing housework."
"I am busy talking on the phone."

I'm not used to  

Here you are using 'not used to' to inform someone that you are unfamiliar or uncomfortable with a topic at hand.

Here are some examples:

"I'm not used to talking English."
"I'm not used to studying so much."
"I'm not used to being around new people."
"I'm not used to talking in front of groups of people."
"I'm not used to having so much stress."
"I'm not used to traveling so much."
"I'm not used to working so early."
"I'm not used to having so much responsibility."
"I'm not used to drinking so much."

I want you to

‘I want you to' is telling someone that you have a desire or would like for them to do something.

Here are some examples:

"I want you to clean the dishes."
"I want you to come home right after school."
"I want you to call once you get there."
"I want you to explain yourself to me."
"I want you to educate me."

By using the word 'need' instead of 'want' you are expressing something that is required or wanted.

Here are some examples:

"I need you to study harder in school."
"I need you to stop and listen to me."
"I need you to greet our guests."
"I need you to introduce me to your family."

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